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R&D Systems rmgal 9 protein
Rmgal 9 Protein, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 22 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/recombinant+galectin+9/Recombinant+Mouse+Galectin-9+Protein%2C+CF/pm41947008-61-17-22
Average 93 stars, based on 22 article reviews

rmgal 9 protein - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09

93/100 stars

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Recombinant:

Article Title: Acute Conditioning of Antigen-Expanded CD8 + T Cells via the GSK3β-mTORC Axis Differentially Dictates Their Immediate and Distal Responses after Antigen Rechallenge
Article Snippet: .. Alternatively, the cells were supplemented with recombinant galectin-9 (20 μg/mL, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) 30 min before cell stimulation. ..

Article Title: CD206-positive myeloid cells bind galectin-9 and promote a tumor-supportive microenvironment
Article Snippet: .. Whole-cell lysates were prepared and were incubated at 4°C rocking for 1 hour with 2 μg/ml recombinant galectin-9 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or 1:1 with THP-1 supernatant (high galectin-9). .. Protein A beads and 5 μl of either anti-galectin-9 or anti-CD206 antibodies (R&D Systems) were added to the lysates and incubated for another hour at 4°C rocking.

Article Title: N-Linked Glycosylation Regulates CD22 Organization and Function.
Article Snippet: .. B cells were treated with 1μM recombinant galectin-9 (R&D Systems) in 2% BSA in RPMI for 30min at 37◦C. ..

Article Title: Galectin-9 Is Critical for Mucosal Adaptive Immunity through the T Helper 17-IgA Axis.
Article Snippet: The reaction was developed with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) followed by adding 1N HCl, and OD values at 450 nm were measured using the Infinite Multimode Reader (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland). .. Serial dilutions of purified mouse IgA (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) or recombinant galectin-9 (R&D system) were used to establish standard curves. ..

Article Title: Lactulose synergizes with CpG-ODN to modulate epithelial and immune cells cross talk.
Article Snippet: To assess the concentration of galectin-9, high-binding EIA/RIA 96-well plates (Costar; Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y., USA) were coated with 0.75 μg ml−1 primary antibodies (R&D Systems) and incubated overnight at 4 °C. .. 1% BSA in PBS was used to block the plates for 1 h. Samples or the human recombinant-galectin-9 (R&D systems) standard were then added for 2 h, washed and incubated with 0.75 μg ml−1 biotinylated secondary antibody (R&D Systems) in 1% BSA. .. Plates were washed and incubated with streptavidin-HRP (R&D Systems), washed and incubated with tetramethylbenzidine (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill., USA).

Article Title: Tim-3 regulates inflammatory cytokine expression and Th17 cell response induced by monocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Article Snippet: Tim-3 is expressed on monocytes/macrophages, and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses.. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Tim-3 on inflammatory response triggered by peripheral monocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).. Tim-3 expression on peripheral monocytes and frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from CHB patients were detected.

Article Title: Possible therapeutic applicability of galectin-9 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Article Snippet: Jo ur na l P re -p ro of

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Image Search Results

Cell-cell communication analysis and spatial localization of the oncogenic subpopulation. A Chord diagram showing the number of interactions between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells, where line thickness indicates the interaction count. B Heatmap depicting the interaction strength between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells. C Dotplot of receptor-ligand pairs in intercellular communication between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells, with red circles representing P < 0.05. D The expression of LGALS9 and SIRPA in macrophages in tumor and normal samples. E Distribution of CD47 expression levels across all cells along the pseudotime axis, with the color gradient (blue to red) representing low to high expression. F , G Scatter plot showing the correlation between pseudotime progression and CD47 ( F ) and CDK1 ( G ) expression levels. H Spatial localization of CD47 and CDK1. I Spatial localization of cell subpopulations. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Journal: Molecular Cancer

Article Title: Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer

doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02534-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell-cell communication analysis and spatial localization of the oncogenic subpopulation. A Chord diagram showing the number of interactions between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells, where line thickness indicates the interaction count. B Heatmap depicting the interaction strength between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells. C Dotplot of receptor-ligand pairs in intercellular communication between epithelial cells and myeloid-derived cells, with red circles representing P < 0.05. D The expression of LGALS9 and SIRPA in macrophages in tumor and normal samples. E Distribution of CD47 expression levels across all cells along the pseudotime axis, with the color gradient (blue to red) representing low to high expression. F , G Scatter plot showing the correlation between pseudotime progression and CD47 ( F ) and CDK1 ( G ) expression levels. H Spatial localization of CD47 and CDK1. I Spatial localization of cell subpopulations. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Article Snippet: HEC-1 A and KLE cells were treated with the following agents: RRX-001 (#HY-16438, MCE, USA) at 5, 6.25, and 7.5 μM; recombinant LGALS9 (#11147-H01H, Sino Biological, China) at 50 ng/mL; GSK5182 (#SML3150, Germany) at 10, 20, and 30 μM; progesterone (#HY-N0437, MCE, USA); and estradiol (#HY-B0141, MCE, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Expressing

The interaction of the LGALS9-CD47 axis and the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the co-culture model of EC cells and macrophages. A Molecular docking predicting the interaction between LGALS9 and CD47. B The co-culture model of EC cells and macrophages. C ELISA analysis of LGALS9 secretion levels in the supernatant of macrophages under different conditions: EC cells, macrophages (M), EC cells + M, and EC cells + M + RRX-001. D , E ELISA analysis of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion levels in the supernatant of macrophages under different conditions: M, CD47 + CDK1 + EC cells + M, and CD47 − CDK1 − EC cells + M. F Represents the phagocytic images of macrophages incubated with GFP-labeled EC cells, with a scale bar of 50 μm; G Depicts the FACS-based phagocytosis diagram, where Q1 represents unphagocytosed GFP + EC cells, Q2 represents phagocytosed GFP + CD45 + macrophages, and Q3 represents unphagocytosed CD45 + macrophages. H WB results of GST-pull down MS. Input represents the whole cell lysate before the experiment, used to confirm the expression of the bait protein GST-CD47 and target proteins. Lanes: 1, GST; 2, GST-CD47; 3, GST + macrophage sample; 4, GST-CD47 + macrophage sample. I Silver staining results of GST-pull down MS. Control1 represents GST + sample, Control2 represents GST-CD47 + lysate, and Sample represents GST-CD47 + macrophage sample. J Changes in membrane protein expression levels in the co-culture model. K Molecular docking predicting the interaction between HCK and CD47. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Journal: Molecular Cancer

Article Title: Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer

doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02534-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The interaction of the LGALS9-CD47 axis and the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the co-culture model of EC cells and macrophages. A Molecular docking predicting the interaction between LGALS9 and CD47. B The co-culture model of EC cells and macrophages. C ELISA analysis of LGALS9 secretion levels in the supernatant of macrophages under different conditions: EC cells, macrophages (M), EC cells + M, and EC cells + M + RRX-001. D , E ELISA analysis of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion levels in the supernatant of macrophages under different conditions: M, CD47 + CDK1 + EC cells + M, and CD47 − CDK1 − EC cells + M. F Represents the phagocytic images of macrophages incubated with GFP-labeled EC cells, with a scale bar of 50 μm; G Depicts the FACS-based phagocytosis diagram, where Q1 represents unphagocytosed GFP + EC cells, Q2 represents phagocytosed GFP + CD45 + macrophages, and Q3 represents unphagocytosed CD45 + macrophages. H WB results of GST-pull down MS. Input represents the whole cell lysate before the experiment, used to confirm the expression of the bait protein GST-CD47 and target proteins. Lanes: 1, GST; 2, GST-CD47; 3, GST + macrophage sample; 4, GST-CD47 + macrophage sample. I Silver staining results of GST-pull down MS. Control1 represents GST + sample, Control2 represents GST-CD47 + lysate, and Sample represents GST-CD47 + macrophage sample. J Changes in membrane protein expression levels in the co-culture model. K Molecular docking predicting the interaction between HCK and CD47. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Incubation, Labeling, Expressing, Silver Staining, Membrane

The LGALS9-CD47 axis promotes EC cell proliferation. A , B . Changes in cell viability after 24 h and 5 days of treatment with rLGALS9 and RRX-001, detected by the CCK-8 assay. C - F . Effects of rLGALS9 and CD47 inhibitor treatment for 24 h on cell apoptosis and cell cycle, analyzed by flow cytometry. G Expression levels of CD47, cyclin D1 and PCNA at the mRNA levels in EC cells treated with rLGALS9 and RRX-001 for 24 h. H , I After treating with rLGALS9 and RRX-001 for 24 h in EC cells, the expression of CD47, cyclin D1, PCNA, Bcl-2 and Bax was measured by WB, with GAPDH used as a loading control. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Journal: Molecular Cancer

Article Title: Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer

doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02534-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The LGALS9-CD47 axis promotes EC cell proliferation. A , B . Changes in cell viability after 24 h and 5 days of treatment with rLGALS9 and RRX-001, detected by the CCK-8 assay. C - F . Effects of rLGALS9 and CD47 inhibitor treatment for 24 h on cell apoptosis and cell cycle, analyzed by flow cytometry. G Expression levels of CD47, cyclin D1 and PCNA at the mRNA levels in EC cells treated with rLGALS9 and RRX-001 for 24 h. H , I After treating with rLGALS9 and RRX-001 for 24 h in EC cells, the expression of CD47, cyclin D1, PCNA, Bcl-2 and Bax was measured by WB, with GAPDH used as a loading control. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Control

Correlation between CD47 and EC in clinical samples. A , B . Immunofluorescence was performed to identify CD47 + CDK1 + positive cells in normal and EC epithelium (3 ROIs per group). Scale bar = 100 μm ( A ). Bar chart of the proportion of CD47 + CDK1 + cells in tumor epithelium and adjacent normal epithelial ROI ( B ). C - E . Representative images of the IHC of CD47 and LGALS9 in cancer tissues and normal tissues and a statistical plot of CD47 and LGALS9 expression in different groups. F Brief flow chart of proteomics. G . Expression of CD47 in 24 tumor samples and adjacent normal endometrial tissues. H . The expression of CD47 in 15 cases of favorable prognosis and 9 cases of poor prognosis EC tissues. I . Prediction of survival changes in EC patients with different expression levels of CD47 using proteomics data. EC patients were stratified into low-risk and high-risk groups based on the median expression value. Survival curves were compared using the Log-rank test and visualized with the Kaplan-Meier method. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Journal: Molecular Cancer

Article Title: Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer

doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02534-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between CD47 and EC in clinical samples. A , B . Immunofluorescence was performed to identify CD47 + CDK1 + positive cells in normal and EC epithelium (3 ROIs per group). Scale bar = 100 μm ( A ). Bar chart of the proportion of CD47 + CDK1 + cells in tumor epithelium and adjacent normal epithelial ROI ( B ). C - E . Representative images of the IHC of CD47 and LGALS9 in cancer tissues and normal tissues and a statistical plot of CD47 and LGALS9 expression in different groups. F Brief flow chart of proteomics. G . Expression of CD47 in 24 tumor samples and adjacent normal endometrial tissues. H . The expression of CD47 in 15 cases of favorable prognosis and 9 cases of poor prognosis EC tissues. I . Prediction of survival changes in EC patients with different expression levels of CD47 using proteomics data. EC patients were stratified into low-risk and high-risk groups based on the median expression value. Survival curves were compared using the Log-rank test and visualized with the Kaplan-Meier method. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing

The role of the LGALS9-CD47 axis in early-stage EC was confirmed in PDOs. A Flow cytometric analysis of CD47 expression in PDOs transfected with ov-CD47 virus ( n = 3). B Bar graph showing the expression levels of CD47 in PDOs transfected with control and ov-CD47 virus. C The morphological changes in PDOs at 0 h, 72 h, and 120 h were evaluated using light microscopy after transfection with control and ov-CD47 virus ( n = 3). D The cell viability treated with different viruses was evaluated by CCL 3D with three replications. E , F Phagocytosis of indicated PDOs was represented by the percentage of FITC + CD14 + cells in total CD14 + cells ( n = 3). G - I . The levels of LGALS9, IL-10 and TGF-β1 secreted by PBMC-derived macrophages (M) were detected by ELISA. J The morphological changes in PDOs at 0 h, 24 h, and 72 h were evaluated using light microscopy with or without rLGALS9 treatment ( n = 3). K . The cell viability treated with different treatments was evaluated by CCL 3D with three replications. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Journal: Molecular Cancer

Article Title: Targeting the CD47-HCK-LGALS9 axis disrupts proliferation-immunosuppression coupling in early-stage endometrial cancer

doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02534-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The role of the LGALS9-CD47 axis in early-stage EC was confirmed in PDOs. A Flow cytometric analysis of CD47 expression in PDOs transfected with ov-CD47 virus ( n = 3). B Bar graph showing the expression levels of CD47 in PDOs transfected with control and ov-CD47 virus. C The morphological changes in PDOs at 0 h, 72 h, and 120 h were evaluated using light microscopy after transfection with control and ov-CD47 virus ( n = 3). D The cell viability treated with different viruses was evaluated by CCL 3D with three replications. E , F Phagocytosis of indicated PDOs was represented by the percentage of FITC + CD14 + cells in total CD14 + cells ( n = 3). G - I . The levels of LGALS9, IL-10 and TGF-β1 secreted by PBMC-derived macrophages (M) were detected by ELISA. J The morphological changes in PDOs at 0 h, 24 h, and 72 h were evaluated using light microscopy with or without rLGALS9 treatment ( n = 3). K . The cell viability treated with different treatments was evaluated by CCL 3D with three replications. Significance levels: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Virus, Control, Light Microscopy, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Single‐cell sequencing reveals a subpopulation of hyperactive GAL‐9 high MA2 neutrophils in circulation. (A) Scheme of single‐cell sequencing of circulating, splenic, and bone marrow neutrophils in mice. Spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood were taken from mice in the sham group, 20 days post‐radiation, and 80 days post‐radiation. 40% c‐Kit + progenitor cells and 60% Gr‐1 + neutrophils were sorted from the spleen. Gr‐1 + neutrophils were sorted from the peripheral blood. The bone marrow cells were the total number of cells that were flushed out of the bone marrow lumen. (B) UMAP projection delineating neutrophil, preNeu (G1‐G2), immatureNeu (IM1‐IM3), matureNeu (MA1‐MA2). (C) Changes in the ratio of neutrophils according to the different groups. (D) The composition of each population of circulating, splenic, and bone marrow neutrophils by circle plots. (E) Differential number/strength of interactions with each population of neutrophils in the local radiation group relative to the sham group by CellChat analysis (red means higher, blue means lower, and the width of the line represents the interaction strength). (F) Pathway enrichment between MA1 and MA2 neutrophils by bubble plots. (G–I) (G) Glycolysis score, (H) neutrophil activation score, and (I) maturation score for each population of neutrophils by violin plots. (J) The main neutrophil interaction pathways by CellChat analysis for the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. (K) The main Outgoing signaling patterns of each population of neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation by CellChat analysis. (L) Lgals9 expression in neutrophils UMAP of mice (Figure ). (M) Galectin pathway network's enrichment intensity of the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation in each population of neutrophils by CellChat analysis. (N) Lgals9 expression in the sham group, 20 days post‐radiation, and 80 days post‐radiation by violin plots.

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single‐cell sequencing reveals a subpopulation of hyperactive GAL‐9 high MA2 neutrophils in circulation. (A) Scheme of single‐cell sequencing of circulating, splenic, and bone marrow neutrophils in mice. Spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood were taken from mice in the sham group, 20 days post‐radiation, and 80 days post‐radiation. 40% c‐Kit + progenitor cells and 60% Gr‐1 + neutrophils were sorted from the spleen. Gr‐1 + neutrophils were sorted from the peripheral blood. The bone marrow cells were the total number of cells that were flushed out of the bone marrow lumen. (B) UMAP projection delineating neutrophil, preNeu (G1‐G2), immatureNeu (IM1‐IM3), matureNeu (MA1‐MA2). (C) Changes in the ratio of neutrophils according to the different groups. (D) The composition of each population of circulating, splenic, and bone marrow neutrophils by circle plots. (E) Differential number/strength of interactions with each population of neutrophils in the local radiation group relative to the sham group by CellChat analysis (red means higher, blue means lower, and the width of the line represents the interaction strength). (F) Pathway enrichment between MA1 and MA2 neutrophils by bubble plots. (G–I) (G) Glycolysis score, (H) neutrophil activation score, and (I) maturation score for each population of neutrophils by violin plots. (J) The main neutrophil interaction pathways by CellChat analysis for the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. (K) The main Outgoing signaling patterns of each population of neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation by CellChat analysis. (L) Lgals9 expression in neutrophils UMAP of mice (Figure ). (M) Galectin pathway network's enrichment intensity of the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation in each population of neutrophils by CellChat analysis. (N) Lgals9 expression in the sham group, 20 days post‐radiation, and 80 days post‐radiation by violin plots.

Article Snippet: Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of the following drugs: recombinant mouse GAL‐9 (rmGAL‐9) protein (200 μg, R&D Systems #3535‐GA‐050), anti‐GAL‐9 antibody (1 mg, BioXCell#BE0218), or IgG isotype control (1 mg, Abcam #ab172730).

Techniques: Single Cell, Sequencing, Activation Assay, Expressing

GAL‐9 high neutrophils are crucial mediators for inducing frailty after local radiation injury. (A) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils at different time post‐radiation. n = 4. (B) The survival rate of circulating neutrophils in the sham group and circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation was analyzed by the CCK‐8 kit. (C–E) Cultured circulating neutrophils in the sham group and GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media with 10 mg/mL PGN for 2 h, after which (C) ROS, (D) phagocytic rate, and (E) IFN‐γ were quantified. n = 5–6. (F) Circulating IFN‐γ protein level by ELISA kits. n = 5. (G) Cultured circulating neutrophils in the sham group and GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media with 50 mg/mL PGN for 4 h, after which MPO and NETs were visualized by cell smears. n = 4. (H–K) Representative plots and statistics of (H, J) GAL‐9 high neutrophil and (I, K) NETs expression in multiple organs by immunofluorescence. n = 4. (L, M) Bone marrow neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media or 10 mg/mL PGN for 2 h, after which (L) ROS and (M) IFN‐γ were quantified. n = 6. (N) Representative plots of HE staining of bone marrow in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. (O) The frequence of bone marrow endothelial cells (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + CD105 − ), SECs (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + CD105 + ), and stromal cells (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 − CD105 + ) at different time post‐radiation. n = 3. (P–R) Assessment Scheme of different groups of bone marrow macrophages phagocytosed neutrophils by confocal live cell station imaging in vitro. (P) The scheme, (Q) the survival area statistics of neutrophils, and (R) the representative plots of phagocytosis in different groups at different time were shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (B–G and J–M), one‐way ANOVA (A), and two‐way ANOVA (O).

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: GAL‐9 high neutrophils are crucial mediators for inducing frailty after local radiation injury. (A) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils at different time post‐radiation. n = 4. (B) The survival rate of circulating neutrophils in the sham group and circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation was analyzed by the CCK‐8 kit. (C–E) Cultured circulating neutrophils in the sham group and GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media with 10 mg/mL PGN for 2 h, after which (C) ROS, (D) phagocytic rate, and (E) IFN‐γ were quantified. n = 5–6. (F) Circulating IFN‐γ protein level by ELISA kits. n = 5. (G) Cultured circulating neutrophils in the sham group and GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media with 50 mg/mL PGN for 4 h, after which MPO and NETs were visualized by cell smears. n = 4. (H–K) Representative plots and statistics of (H, J) GAL‐9 high neutrophil and (I, K) NETs expression in multiple organs by immunofluorescence. n = 4. (L, M) Bone marrow neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation were treated with media or 10 mg/mL PGN for 2 h, after which (L) ROS and (M) IFN‐γ were quantified. n = 6. (N) Representative plots of HE staining of bone marrow in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. (O) The frequence of bone marrow endothelial cells (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + CD105 − ), SECs (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + CD105 + ), and stromal cells (CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 − CD105 + ) at different time post‐radiation. n = 3. (P–R) Assessment Scheme of different groups of bone marrow macrophages phagocytosed neutrophils by confocal live cell station imaging in vitro. (P) The scheme, (Q) the survival area statistics of neutrophils, and (R) the representative plots of phagocytosis in different groups at different time were shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (B–G and J–M), one‐way ANOVA (A), and two‐way ANOVA (O).

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Imaging, In Vitro

GAL‐9 high neutrophils adoptive‐transfer assay and TCGA database analysis. (A–G) Assessment of the effect of circulating neutrophils in sham group and 80 days post‐radiation adoptive‐transfer to recipients, and the neutrophils were marked by Dil. (A) The scheme was shown. Representative flow plots and frequency of Dil + neutrophils in (B) circulation and (C) bone marrow, and the frequency of bone marrow (D) CMP cells, (E) CLP cells, (F) macrophages and their (G) polarization state in different groups of recipients. n = 4–7. (H–J) K‐M curve analysis of GAL‐9 high neutrophils‐related genes in (H) GBM, (I) THYM and (J) LGG in TCGA database. p ‐value was shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD, each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–3 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (B–F), two‐way ANOVA (G) and log‐rank test (H–J). p ‐value was shown.

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: GAL‐9 high neutrophils adoptive‐transfer assay and TCGA database analysis. (A–G) Assessment of the effect of circulating neutrophils in sham group and 80 days post‐radiation adoptive‐transfer to recipients, and the neutrophils were marked by Dil. (A) The scheme was shown. Representative flow plots and frequency of Dil + neutrophils in (B) circulation and (C) bone marrow, and the frequency of bone marrow (D) CMP cells, (E) CLP cells, (F) macrophages and their (G) polarization state in different groups of recipients. n = 4–7. (H–J) K‐M curve analysis of GAL‐9 high neutrophils‐related genes in (H) GBM, (I) THYM and (J) LGG in TCGA database. p ‐value was shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD, each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–3 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (B–F), two‐way ANOVA (G) and log‐rank test (H–J). p ‐value was shown.

Techniques: Adoptive Transfer Assay

GAL‐9 protein is an important regulatory molecule in neutrophil hyperactivity. (A) Intracellular GAL‐9 protein expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. n = 6. (B) Circulating GAL‐9 protein level by ELISA kits. n = 8. (C, D) (C) Scheme and (D) the IFN‐γ expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group under different conditions. n = 3. (E–M) (E) Scheme of the IFN‐γ and NETs expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group by treatment with (F, H, K) circulating serum at 80 days post‐radiation and (F, I, L) culture supernatant of GAL‐9 high neutrophils. (F, J, M) IFN‐γ and NETs expression of GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation under different stimuli. n = 4–5. (N–Q) Assessment of the effect of GAL‐9 protein on the polarization of bone marrow macrophages under different conditions. (N) The scheme and the effect of (O) rmGAL‐9 protein, (P) culture supernatant of GAL‐9 high neutrophils, and (Q) circulating serum at 80 days post‐radiation were shown. n = 3. (R–S) Representative plots and statistics of bone marrow CD47 + neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. n = 4. (T‐BB) Assessment of the reversal effect of GAL‐9 intervention in mice. (T) Scheme of the administration of anti‐GAL‐9 and rmGAL‐9 proteins in the local radiation group and the sham group, respectively. (U) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, bone marrow (V) CMP cells, (W) CLP cells, (X) non‐immune cells, (Y) macrophages, and (Z, AA) their polarization state and (BB) frailty index score were shown after different treatments in the local radiation group and the sham group. n = 3–5. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (A, B, S, U), one‐way ANOVA (D, G–M, V–AA), and two‐way ANOVA (O–Q).

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: GAL‐9 protein is an important regulatory molecule in neutrophil hyperactivity. (A) Intracellular GAL‐9 protein expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. n = 6. (B) Circulating GAL‐9 protein level by ELISA kits. n = 8. (C, D) (C) Scheme and (D) the IFN‐γ expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group under different conditions. n = 3. (E–M) (E) Scheme of the IFN‐γ and NETs expression of circulating neutrophils in the sham group by treatment with (F, H, K) circulating serum at 80 days post‐radiation and (F, I, L) culture supernatant of GAL‐9 high neutrophils. (F, J, M) IFN‐γ and NETs expression of GAL‐9 high neutrophils 80 days post‐radiation under different stimuli. n = 4–5. (N–Q) Assessment of the effect of GAL‐9 protein on the polarization of bone marrow macrophages under different conditions. (N) The scheme and the effect of (O) rmGAL‐9 protein, (P) culture supernatant of GAL‐9 high neutrophils, and (Q) circulating serum at 80 days post‐radiation were shown. n = 3. (R–S) Representative plots and statistics of bone marrow CD47 + neutrophils in the sham group and 80 days post‐radiation. n = 4. (T‐BB) Assessment of the reversal effect of GAL‐9 intervention in mice. (T) Scheme of the administration of anti‐GAL‐9 and rmGAL‐9 proteins in the local radiation group and the sham group, respectively. (U) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, bone marrow (V) CMP cells, (W) CLP cells, (X) non‐immune cells, (Y) macrophages, and (Z, AA) their polarization state and (BB) frailty index score were shown after different treatments in the local radiation group and the sham group. n = 3–5. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (A, B, S, U), one‐way ANOVA (D, G–M, V–AA), and two‐way ANOVA (O–Q).

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Skin eccDNA triggers JAK1/2‐STAT1 phosphorylation in splenic GMP cells to produce GAL‐9 high neutrophils. (A) Pathway enrichment of splenic and bone marrow neutrophils at 20 days post‐radiation by DecoupleR analysis. (B) Representative plots of spleen in the sham group and 20 days post‐radiation. (C, D) Phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1 in (C) splenic and (D) bone marrow GMP cells in the sham group and 20 days post‐radiation. n = 4. (E) Pathway enrichment of DNA damage repair pathways in various populations of splenic neutrophils at 20 days post‐radiation by bubble plots. (F–H) Representative plots of eccDNA of (F) spleen, (G) skin, and (H) bone marrow in the sham group, 5, 10, and 20 days post‐radiation by agarose gel. (M), linear DNA marker. (I–M) Assessment of the dosing regimen for extracting different groups of circulating eccDNA for tail‐vein injection into recipients. (I) The scheme and phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1 in (J) splenic and (K) bone marrow GMP cells, (L) circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, and (M) splenic GMP cells of recipients injected with Sham‐eccDNA or IR‐eccDNA. n = 4–6. (N–P) Assessment of the co‐culture of splenic GMP cells in the sham group with Sham‐eccDNA or IR‐eccDNA in vitro. (N) The scheme and phosphorylation levels of (O) JAK1, JAK2, and (P) STAT1 in splenic GMP cells under different treatment conditions. n = 5. (Q–S) Assessment of the effect of splenectomy and the sham group. (Q) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, (R) bone marrow GMP and CLP cells, and (S) Frailty index score after radiation in splenectomy and sham group. n = 4–5. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (except R) and two‐way ANOVA (R).

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: Skin eccDNA triggers JAK1/2‐STAT1 phosphorylation in splenic GMP cells to produce GAL‐9 high neutrophils. (A) Pathway enrichment of splenic and bone marrow neutrophils at 20 days post‐radiation by DecoupleR analysis. (B) Representative plots of spleen in the sham group and 20 days post‐radiation. (C, D) Phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1 in (C) splenic and (D) bone marrow GMP cells in the sham group and 20 days post‐radiation. n = 4. (E) Pathway enrichment of DNA damage repair pathways in various populations of splenic neutrophils at 20 days post‐radiation by bubble plots. (F–H) Representative plots of eccDNA of (F) spleen, (G) skin, and (H) bone marrow in the sham group, 5, 10, and 20 days post‐radiation by agarose gel. (M), linear DNA marker. (I–M) Assessment of the dosing regimen for extracting different groups of circulating eccDNA for tail‐vein injection into recipients. (I) The scheme and phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1 in (J) splenic and (K) bone marrow GMP cells, (L) circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, and (M) splenic GMP cells of recipients injected with Sham‐eccDNA or IR‐eccDNA. n = 4–6. (N–P) Assessment of the co‐culture of splenic GMP cells in the sham group with Sham‐eccDNA or IR‐eccDNA in vitro. (N) The scheme and phosphorylation levels of (O) JAK1, JAK2, and (P) STAT1 in splenic GMP cells under different treatment conditions. n = 5. (Q–S) Assessment of the effect of splenectomy and the sham group. (Q) Circulating GAL‐9 high neutrophils, (R) bone marrow GMP and CLP cells, and (S) Frailty index score after radiation in splenectomy and sham group. n = 4–5. Data are presented as mean ± SD; each dot represents an individual animal from at least 2–4 independent experiments that used male and female mice. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t ‐test (except R) and two‐way ANOVA (R).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Marker, Injection, Co-Culture Assay, In Vitro

EccDNA shedding after skin radiation injury activates the JAK1/2‐STAT1 pathway in splenic GMP cells to induce the production of GAL‐9 high neutrophils. This unique population of hyperactive GAL‐9 high neutrophils is identified with characteristics of elevated NETs and IFN‐γ, etc. These neutrophils infiltrate into multiple organs to induce injuries, disrupt the bone marrow microenvironment, drive sustained bone marrow myeloid‐biased differentiation and polarization of bone marrow macrophages towards the M 1 state, and resist clearance by bone marrow macrophages. Highlight the ‘skin‐spleen‐bone marrow‐multiple organs’ axis drives the generation of GAL‐9 high neutrophils to exacerbate frailty.

Journal: Aging Cell

Article Title: Galectin‐9 high Neutrophils Exacerbate Radiation‐Induced Frailty

doi: 10.1111/acel.70448

Figure Lengend Snippet: EccDNA shedding after skin radiation injury activates the JAK1/2‐STAT1 pathway in splenic GMP cells to induce the production of GAL‐9 high neutrophils. This unique population of hyperactive GAL‐9 high neutrophils is identified with characteristics of elevated NETs and IFN‐γ, etc. These neutrophils infiltrate into multiple organs to induce injuries, disrupt the bone marrow microenvironment, drive sustained bone marrow myeloid‐biased differentiation and polarization of bone marrow macrophages towards the M 1 state, and resist clearance by bone marrow macrophages. Highlight the ‘skin‐spleen‐bone marrow‐multiple organs’ axis drives the generation of GAL‐9 high neutrophils to exacerbate frailty.

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rmgal 9 protein (R&D Systems)

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